ABSTRACT
Background Artificial intelligence (AI) is evolving rapidly and gradually changing the landscape of healthcare and biomedicine. AI has achieved breakthroughs in image-based diagnosis, interpretation of electronic medical records, etc. However, no systematic quantitative analysis has been conducted to provide deeper insights of the status and frontier trends of AI in medicine (AI-MED).Methods We employed a scientometric and visualization approach to analyze the annual publications, countries, journals, keywords, co-citations, and structural variability to establish a knowledge graph that summarizes the hotspots and trends of AI-MED with a quantitative method.Findings There were 30,458 publications screened from the Web of Science (WOS). The number of publications has been growing rapidly. The most prolific countries are the USA and China. Artificial neural networks, machine learning, deep learning, convolutional neural network, image segmentation, and COVID-19 are hotspots in AI-MED.Conclusions This study has made clear the research process, frontier trends and emerging fields of AI-MED, predicting its future and pointing out the path for researchers to grasp the hotspots and directions in AI-MED quickly. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the efficacy of neutralizing antibodies induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor-binding domain (RBD) and spike (S) protein S1 subunit. Methods The SARS-CoV-2 RBD and mouse immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) Fc fragment (mFc) fusion protein expression plasmid pVRCRBD- mFc was constructed and transfected into human embryonic kidney 293T cells. The RBD-mFc fusion protein in the cell supernatants was detected by Western blotting. The effect of RBD-mFc in cell supernatants and CHO recombinant S1-human IgG1 Fc (S1-hFc) fusion protein on SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected by microneutralization test. BALB/c mice were immunized with plasmid pVRC-RBD-mFc and S1-hFc fusion protein via intramuscular injection. Anti-S1 IgG antibodies in mouse sera were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the virus neutralization activity of mouse sera was detected by microneutralization test. Results The RBD-mFc fusion protein could be detected in the culture supernatants of 293T cells transfected with the plasmid pVRC-RBD-mFc, the concentrated supernatants and the S1- hFc fusion protein could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection on Vero E6 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Anti-S1 IgG antibodies could be detected in the sera of mice immunized with plasmid pVRC-RBD-mFc and S1-hFc fusion protein, and the sera of both groups could neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection. The serum antibody titers and virus neutralization activity of S1- hFc fusion protein immunized mice were significantly higher than those of plasmid pVRC-RBD-mFc immunized mice (both P<0.01). Conclusion Both SARS-CoV-2 RBD and S1 subunit may be used as effective vaccine antigens. Compared with DNA vaccine, recombinant subunit vaccine can induce neutralizing antibody more effectively..